HAWTHORNS - CRATAEGUS CAUCASICA
HAWTHORNS - CRATAEGUS CAUCASICA
Local name:კავკასიური კუნელი
Where to find it: Guria, Kartli, Imereti; Ratha
Terrain: Open woodlands, hedgerows, meadows, and along roadsides.
Description:
Hawthorn, also known as Crataegus, is a group of small to medium-sized trees or large shrubs. These plants can grow anywhere from 5 to 15 meters tall, and they come in various shapes and sizes. The leaves of hawthorns are green and glossy, with a lobed or serrated edge, and they can be about 2 to 10 centimeters long. During the growing season, hawthorns produce small, five-petaled flowers that come in white or pink clusters, each flower measuring around 1 to 1.5 centimeters in diameter. As the season progresses, hawthorns develop fruit known as haws—tiny, berry-like structures that can be red, orange, or black and are typically 0.5 to 2 centimeters in diameter. The bark of hawthorn trees is rough and brown or grayish, becoming more distinct as the tree matures.
Usable parts: Berries, Leaves and Flowers, Bark
Medicinal properties:
Berries: Hawthorn berries have potential cardiovascular benefits. Packed with flavonoids, antioxidants, and other bioactive compounds, these berries have been associated with improved blood circulation and heart health. Hawthorn berry extracts are often used to support conditions such as congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, and irregular heartbeats. The rich content of flavonoids contributes to their vasodilatory effects, promoting the dilation of blood vessels and potentially enhancing cardiovascular function.
Leaves and Flowers: The leaves and flowers of the hawthorn plant contain flavonoids and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. The flavonoids present in these plant parts contribute to their antioxidant properties, potentially aiding in the protection of cells from oxidative stress. While not as commonly emphasized as the berries, hawthorn leaves and flowers play a valuable role in holistic herbal practices.
Bark: The bark also contains active compounds that have been studied for their potential cardiovascular benefits. Extracts derived from hawthorn bark may contribute to traditional herbal formulations targeting heart health. The bark is known to contain astringent properties and has been historically used to address conditions such as diarrhea. However, it’s crucial to note that the use of hawthorn bark in herbal remedies is less common compared to berries, leaves, and flowers.
Extracts: Liquid extracts of hawthorn, often prepared by combining berries, leaves, and flowers, provide a convenient and concentrated form for medicinal use. These extracts are commonly employed to support heart health, manage hypertension, and address various cardiovascular concerns.
Undesired Effects:
Digestive Upset: Some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, upset stomach, or digestive discomfort.
Headaches: In some cases, hawthorn use has been associated with headaches.
Dizziness: Hawthorn may cause dizziness in some individuals. This effect may be more pronounced when taking high doses.
Preparation:
Berries: For a tea, use dried or fresh berries (about 1-2 teaspoons) per cup of hot water. Steep for 10-15 minutes, strain, and drink. You can also make a tincture by macerating fresh or dried berries in alcohol (such as vodka) for several weeks in a dark place. Strain the liquid and store the tincture in a dark glass bottle. Follow recommended dosage guidelines.
Leaves and Flowers: For an infusion or tea, use about 1-2 teaspoons of dried leaves and flowers per cup of hot water. Steep for 10-15 minutes, strain, and drink. Tinctures can be prepared by macerating fresh or dried leaves and flowers in alcohol for several weeks, then straining the liquid. Dosage should be based on individual needs and practitioner recommendations.
Bark: To make a decoction, simmer about 1-2 teaspoons of dried hawthorn bark in water for 15-20 minutes. Strain and drink as a tea.
Extracts: If preparing an extract at home, combine dried or fresh berries, leaves, and flowers in a jar. Cover with alcohol and let it sit for several weeks, shaking occasionally. Strain and store.
Harvest time:
Berries: late summer to early autumn.
Leaves and Flowers: late spring to early summer.
Bark: late autumn or winter.
Harvest method:
Berries: Harvest the berries by handpicking them carefully, ensuring they are fully mature. Avoid green or unripe berries. The ideal time for harvest is on a dry day to prevent the introduction of excess moisture. Harvesting can be done using scissors or small shears, and it’s essential to leave some berries on the plant for birds and wildlife.
Leaves and Flowers: Choose a dry day to harvest, preferably in the morning when the dew has evaporated. Harvest leaves and flowers using clean scissors or shears, and aim to collect a portion of the plant rather than depleting it entirely. This allows for sustainable harvesting and the continued health of the hawthorn.
Bark: Harvest small sections of the bark from mature branches using a sharp knife or pruners. Avoid causing significant damage to the tree, as it may impact its health.
Conservation:
One of the most common conservation methods is drying. After harvesting, carefully clean the leaves to remove any dirt or debris. Arrange the leaves in a single layer, ensuring good air circulation, and place them in a cool, dry location away from direct sunlight. Allow the leaves to air dry completely, which may take several weeks. Once dry, store the leaves in airtight containers, such as glass jars, to protect them from moisture and external contaminants.